Fatal error ffi h no such file or directory

One of the steps I always use to install / build my Ansible agent on target nodes was pip2 install pyOpenSSL. This is a requirement for your Ansible client in order to use the standard Ansible modu...

One of the steps I always use to install / build my Ansible agent on target nodes was pip2 install pyOpenSSL. This is a requirement for your Ansible client in order to use the standard Ansible module for creating self signed certificates for example openssl_certificate

Since today this no longer works.

I can reproduce this message as follows:

vagrant init generic/ubuntu1804
vagrant ssh
sudo su -
apt-get update && apt-get -y install python python-pip
pip2 install pyOpenSSL

The last step fails with message below. What is correct way to install pyOpenSSL on Ubuntu 18.04 at the moment? Is there a workaround for this problem?

Or beter, is there a Python distribution for Ansible? That includes all dependencies so I don’t have to compile build my own Ansible client?

root@ubuntu1804:~# pip2 install pyOpenSSL
Collecting pyOpenSSL
  Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7fc72409d5d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution',)': /packages/01/c8/ceb170d81bd3941cbeb9940fc6cc2ef2ca4288d0ca8929ea4db5905d904d/pyOpenSSL-19.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
  Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection object at 0x7fc72409d750>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution',)': /packages/01/c8/ceb170d81bd3941cbeb9940fc6cc2ef2ca4288d0ca8929ea4db5905d904d/pyOpenSSL-19.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/01/c8/ceb170d81bd3941cbeb9940fc6cc2ef2ca4288d0ca8929ea4db5905d904d/pyOpenSSL-19.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (53kB)
    100% |################################| 61kB 1.0MB/s 
Collecting cryptography>=2.3 (from pyOpenSSL)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e6/68/50698ce24c61db7d44d93a5043c621a0ca7839d4ef9dff913e6ab465fc92/cryptography-2.7-cp27-cp27mu-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (2.3MB)
    100% |################################| 2.3MB 427kB/s 
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5.2 in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from pyOpenSSL)
Requirement already satisfied: asn1crypto>=0.21.0 in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from cryptography>=2.3->pyOpenSSL)
Requirement already satisfied: enum34; python_version < "3" in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from cryptography>=2.3->pyOpenSSL)
Requirement already satisfied: ipaddress; python_version < "3" in /usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages (from cryptography>=2.3->pyOpenSSL)
Collecting cffi!=1.11.3,>=1.8 (from cryptography>=2.3->pyOpenSSL)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d6/cf/ba7e2df852a2fc807d48b3f7bea46f741830be4f047a0712e6de3e95fb6a/cffi-1.13.0.tar.gz (459kB)
    100% |################################| 460kB 299kB/s 
Collecting pycparser (from cffi!=1.11.3,>=1.8->cryptography>=2.3->pyOpenSSL)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/68/9e/49196946aee219aead1290e00d1e7fdeab8567783e83e1b9ab5585e6206a/pycparser-2.19.tar.gz (158kB)
    100% |################################| 163kB 280kB/s 
Building wheels for collected packages: cffi, pycparser
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for cffi ... error
  Complete output from command /usr/bin/python -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-YCu4xd/cffi/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /tmp/tmp_m8aI7pip-wheel- --python-tag cp27:
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
  running build_ext
  building '_cffi_backend' extension
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/c
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fno-strict-aliasing -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -fdebug-prefix-map=/build/python2.7-PPrPZj/python2.7-2.7.15=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -DHAVE_SYNC_SYNCHRONIZE -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/include/python2.7 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/c/_cffi_backend.o
  c/_cffi_backend.c:15:10: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
   #include <ffi.h>
            ^~~~~~~
  compilation terminated.
  error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1

  ----------------------------------------
  Failed building wheel for cffi
  Running setup.py clean for cffi
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for pycparser ... done
  Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/f2/9a/90/de94f8556265ddc9d9c8b271b0f63e57b26fb1d67a45564511
Successfully built pycparser
Failed to build cffi
Installing collected packages: pycparser, cffi, cryptography, pyOpenSSL
  Running setup.py install for cffi ... error
    Complete output from command /usr/bin/python -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-YCu4xd/cffi/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-FxUNAq-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-2.7/cffi
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/c
    x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fno-strict-aliasing -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -g -fdebug-prefix-map=/build/python2.7-PPrPZj/python2.7-2.7.15=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -DHAVE_SYNC_SYNCHRONIZE -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/include/python2.7 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/c/_cffi_backend.o
    c/_cffi_backend.c:15:10: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
     #include <ffi.h>
              ^~~~~~~
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1

    ----------------------------------------
Command "/usr/bin/python -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-YCu4xd/cffi/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-FxUNAq-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-YCu4xd/cffi/
root@ubuntu1804:~#

Источник

Problem summary

On Gentoo Linux cffi recipe host install fails with the error below:

c/_cffi_backend.c:13:17: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory

Detailed description

This is because ffi.h is installed in /usr/lib64/libffi-3.2.1/include/ffi.h which is not part of gcc default include paths.
Here is where ffi.h is installed (equery f is the Gentoo equivalent to Debian-like dpkg -L):

$ equery f dev-libs/libffi | grep ffi.h
/usr/lib64/libffi-3.2.1/include/ffi.h

Or with dpkg-config:

$ pkg-config --cflags libffi
-I/usr/lib64/libffi-3.2.1/include

And here are the gcc default include paths:

$ echo | gcc -E -Wp,-v -
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/5.4.0/include
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/5.4.0/include-fixed
 /usr/include
End of search list.

Complete error output

Below is the detailed buildozer android debug (cffi) output log:

[INFO]:    Installing cffi into site-packages                                                                                                                                                                                                                     [66/1768]
[INFO]:    -> directory context /home/andre/Progz/PyWallet/.buildozer/android/platform/build/build/other_builds/cffi-python2/armeabi-v7a/cffi                                                                                                                              
[INFO]:    -> running python.host setup.py install -O2                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[INFO]:    Rebuilding compiled components in cffi                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[INFO]:    -> running hostpython setup.py clean --all                                                                                
[INFO]:    -> running hostpython setup.py build_ext -v                                                                               
Exception in thread background thread for pid 19037:                                                                                 
Traceback (most recent call last):                                                                                                   
  File "/usr/lib64/python3.4/threading.py", line 911, in _bootstrap_inner                                                            
    self.run()                                                                                                                       
  File "/usr/lib64/python3.4/threading.py", line 859, in run                                                                         
    self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs)                                                                                        
  File "/home/andre/.local/lib64/python3.4/site-packages/sh.py", line 2170, in background_thread                                     
    handle_exit_code(exit_code)                                                                                                      
  File "/home/andre/.local/lib64/python3.4/site-packages/sh.py", line 1929, in fn                                                    
    return self.command.handle_command_exit_code(exit_code)                                                                          
  File "/home/andre/.local/lib64/python3.4/site-packages/sh.py", line 672, in handle_command_exit_code                               
    raise exc                                                                                                                        
sh.ErrorReturnCode_1:                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                                     
  RAN: /home/andre/Progz/PyWallet/.buildozer/android/platform/build/build/other_builds/hostpython2/desktop/hostpython2/hostpython setup.py build_ext -v
                                                                                                                                     
  STDOUT:                                                                                                                            
running build_ext                                                                                                                    
building '_cffi_backend' extension
creating build
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/c
gcc -pthread -fno-strict-aliasing -g -O2 -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -I/home/andre/Progz/PyWallet/.buildozer/android/platform/build/build/other_builds/hostpython2/desktop/hostpython2/Include -I/home/andre/Progz/PyWallet/.buildozer/android/platform/build/build/other_builds/hostpython2/desktop/hostpython2 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-2.7/c/_cffi_backend.o
c/_cffi_backend.c:13:17: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.

Solutions / workarounds

Below are few solutions/workarounds I had in mind.

Quick’n dirty

Symlink libffi includes to gcc default include path:

ln -sfn /usr/lib64/libffi-3.2.1/include/ffi.h /usr/include/
ln -sfn /usr/lib64/libffi-3.2.1/include/ffitarget.h /usr/include/

While it works it’s an unsatisfying solution.

dpkg-config when possible (i.e. host)

We could update current disable-pkg-config.patch to try to run, but except silently. That way if dpkg-config is available on the host, we can use it, but it won’t fail if not.

dpkg-config recipe

Since cffi is not the first package, nor the last needing dpkg-config, we could create a recipe for it to make it available for the target architecture.
https://autotools.io/pkgconfig/cross-compiling.html

Install libffi recipe for the host

I’m not too sure about that one, but the idea would be to update the libffi recipe so it also makes the library/headers available for the host so we could point to it. But it could be a mess.

Final word

I have a preference for the «dpkg-config when possible (i.e. host)» solution. It seems easy enough to implement and it would fix the issue. For the long run I prefer if we had dpkg-config available for the target, but I’m not sure how achievable it is.
I would be glad to contribute more to python-for-android, so please let me know which solution you prefer and I could work on a pull request when I get time.

Источник

I’m trying to install docker-compose on Ubuntu 20.04 (ARM Rasberry PI 4).
But when I follow official guide on Docker Documentation, I can’t use standard route as there is no version on GitHub for Linux-aarch64, only x86.

But when I try alternative version via pip install I receive error

    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /usr/bin/python3 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2kn5p6q3/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2kn5p6q3/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-u7mx6nfb/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers /usr/local/include/python3.8/cffi
         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-2kn5p6q3/cffi/
    Complete output (36 lines):
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8
    creating build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-aarch64-3.8/cffi
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.8
    creating build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.8/c
    aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -DHAVE_SYNC_SYNCHRONIZE -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/include/python3.8 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-aarch64-3.8/c/_cffi_backend.o
    c/_cffi_backend.c:15:10: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
       15 | #include <ffi.h>
          |          ^~~~~~~
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /usr/bin/python3 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2kn5p6q3/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2kn5p6q3/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-u7mx6nfb/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers /usr/local/include/python3.8/cffi Check the logs for full command output.

Источник

Problem:

Go to solution

When running pio remote agent start, during the package installation process, you see an error log like

ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
 command: /home/pi/.platformio/penv/bin/python /tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-z_7hwbt9/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :all: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple -- 'setuptools>=40.6.0' wheel 'cffi>=1.12; platform_python_implementation != '"'"'PyPy'"'"'' 'setuptools-rust>=0.11.4'
     cwd: None
Complete output (284 lines):
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple
Collecting setuptools>=40.6.0
  Using cached setuptools-59.3.0.tar.gz (2.3 MB)
  Getting requirements to build wheel: started
  Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
  Installing backend dependencies: started
  Installing backend dependencies: finished with status 'done'
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
Collecting wheel
  Using cached wheel-0.37.0.tar.gz (65 kB)
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): started
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): finished with status 'done'
Collecting cffi>=1.12
  Using cached cffi-1.15.0.tar.gz (484 kB)
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): started
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): finished with status 'done'
Collecting setuptools-rust>=0.11.4
  Using cached setuptools-rust-1.0.0.tar.gz (279 kB)
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: still running...
  Installing build dependencies: still running...
  Installing build dependencies: still running...
  Installing build dependencies: still running...
  Installing build dependencies: still running...
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
  Getting requirements to build wheel: started
  Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
  Installing backend dependencies: started
  Installing backend dependencies: finished with status 'done'
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
Collecting pycparser
  Using cached pycparser-2.21.tar.gz (170 kB)
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): started
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): finished with status 'done'
Collecting tomli>=1.2.1
  Using cached tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz (15 kB)
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'error'
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 2:
   command: /home/pi/.platformio/penv/bin/python /tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-e79tjyp1/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :all: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple -- 'flit_core>=3.2.0,<4'
       cwd: None
  Complete output (60 lines):
  Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple
  Collecting flit_core<4,>=3.2.0
    Using cached flit_core-3.5.1.tar.gz (27 kB)
    Getting requirements to build wheel: started
    Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
    Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
    Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
  Collecting tomli
    Using cached tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz (15 kB)
  ERROR: Exception:
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 164, in exc_logging_wrapper
      status = run_func(*args)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py", line 205, in wrapper
      return func(self, options, args)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 338, in run
      requirement_set = resolver.resolve(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py", line 92, in resolve
      result = self._result = resolver.resolve(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 482, in resolve
      state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 374, in resolve
      failure_causes = self._attempt_to_pin_criterion(name)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 214, in _attempt_to_pin_criterion
      criteria = self._get_updated_criteria(candidate)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 205, in _get_updated_criteria
      self._add_to_criteria(criteria, requirement, parent=candidate)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 173, in _add_to_criteria
      if not criterion.candidates:
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/structs.py", line 151, in __bool__
      return bool(self._sequence)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py", line 155, in __bool__
      return any(self)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py", line 143, in <genexpr>
      return (c for c in iterator if id(c) not in self._incompatible_ids)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py", line 47, in _iter_built
      candidate = func()
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py", line 201, in _make_candidate_from_link
      self._link_candidate_cache[link] = LinkCandidate(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 281, in __init__
      super().__init__(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 156, in __init__
      self.dist = self._prepare()
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 225, in _prepare
      dist = self._prepare_distribution()
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 292, in _prepare_distribution
      return preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(self._ireq, parallel_builds=True)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 482, in prepare_linked_requirement
      return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 546, in _prepare_linked_requirement
      dist = _get_prepared_distribution(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 57, in _get_prepared_distribution
      with req_tracker.track(req):
    File "/usr/lib/python3.9/contextlib.py", line 117, in __enter__
      return next(self.gen)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/req/req_tracker.py", line 122, in track
      self.add(req)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/req/req_tracker.py", line 92, in add
      raise LookupError(message)
  LookupError: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/5b/62165da80cbc6e1779f342234c7ddc6c6bc9e64cef149046a9c0456f912b/tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz#sha256=c6ce0015eb38820eaf32b5db832dbc26deb3dd427bd5f6556cf0acac2c214fee (from https://pypi.org/simple/tomli/) (requires-python:>=3.6) is already being built: tomli>=1.2.1 from https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/5b/62165da80cbc6e1779f342234c7ddc6c6bc9e64cef149046a9c0456f912b/tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz#sha256=c6ce0015eb38820eaf32b5db832dbc26deb3dd427bd5f6556cf0acac2c214fee (from setuptools-rust>=0.11.4)
  ----------------------------------------
WARNING: Discarding https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/5b/62165da80cbc6e1779f342234c7ddc6c6bc9e64cef149046a9c0456f912b/tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz#sha256=c6ce0015eb38820eaf32b5db832dbc26deb3dd427bd5f6556cf0acac2c214fee (from https://pypi.org/simple/tomli/) (requires-python:>=3.6). Command errored out with exit status 2: /home/pi/.platformio/penv/bin/python /tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-e79tjyp1/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :all: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple -- 'flit_core>=3.2.0,<4' Check the logs for full command output.
  Using cached tomli-1.2.1.tar.gz (14 kB)
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'error'
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 2:
   command: /home/pi/.platformio/penv/bin/python /tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-zwmgu3x5/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :all: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple -- 'flit_core>=3.2.0,<4'
       cwd: None
  Complete output (60 lines):
  Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple
  Collecting flit_core<4,>=3.2.0
    Using cached flit_core-3.5.1.tar.gz (27 kB)
    Getting requirements to build wheel: started
    Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
    Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
    Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
  Collecting tomli
    Using cached tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz (15 kB)
  ERROR: Exception:
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 164, in exc_logging_wrapper
      status = run_func(*args)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py", line 205, in wrapper
      return func(self, options, args)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 338, in run
      requirement_set = resolver.resolve(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py", line 92, in resolve
      result = self._result = resolver.resolve(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 482, in resolve
      state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 374, in resolve
      failure_causes = self._attempt_to_pin_criterion(name)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 214, in _attempt_to_pin_criterion
      criteria = self._get_updated_criteria(candidate)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 205, in _get_updated_criteria
      self._add_to_criteria(criteria, requirement, parent=candidate)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py", line 173, in _add_to_criteria
      if not criterion.candidates:
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/structs.py", line 151, in __bool__
      return bool(self._sequence)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py", line 155, in __bool__
      return any(self)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py", line 143, in <genexpr>
      return (c for c in iterator if id(c) not in self._incompatible_ids)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py", line 47, in _iter_built
      candidate = func()
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py", line 201, in _make_candidate_from_link
      self._link_candidate_cache[link] = LinkCandidate(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 281, in __init__
      super().__init__(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 156, in __init__
      self.dist = self._prepare()
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 225, in _prepare
      dist = self._prepare_distribution()
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py", line 292, in _prepare_distribution
      return preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(self._ireq, parallel_builds=True)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 482, in prepare_linked_requirement
      return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 546, in _prepare_linked_requirement
      dist = _get_prepared_distribution(
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 57, in _get_prepared_distribution
      with req_tracker.track(req):
    File "/usr/lib/python3.9/contextlib.py", line 117, in __enter__
      return next(self.gen)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/req/req_tracker.py", line 122, in track
      self.add(req)
    File "/tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip/_internal/req/req_tracker.py", line 92, in add
      raise LookupError(message)
  LookupError: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/5b/62165da80cbc6e1779f342234c7ddc6c6bc9e64cef149046a9c0456f912b/tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz#sha256=c6ce0015eb38820eaf32b5db832dbc26deb3dd427bd5f6556cf0acac2c214fee (from https://pypi.org/simple/tomli/) (requires-python:>=3.6) is already being built: tomli>=1.2.1 from https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/aa/5b/62165da80cbc6e1779f342234c7ddc6c6bc9e64cef149046a9c0456f912b/tomli-1.2.2.tar.gz#sha256=c6ce0015eb38820eaf32b5db832dbc26deb3dd427bd5f6556cf0acac2c214fee (from setuptools-rust>=0.11.4)
  ----------------------------------------
WARNING: Discarding https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/75/50/973397c5ba854445bcc396b593b5db1958da6ab8d665b27397daa1497018/tomli-1.2.1.tar.gz#sha256=a5b75cb6f3968abb47af1b40c1819dc519ea82bcc065776a866e8d74c5ca9442 (from https://pypi.org/simple/tomli/) (requires-python:>=3.6). Command errored out with exit status 2: /home/pi/.platformio/penv/bin/python /tmp/pip-standalone-pip-sgkbdzl6/__env_pip__.zip/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-zwmgu3x5/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :all: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple --extra-index-url https://www.piwheels.org/simple -- 'flit_core>=3.2.0,<4' Check the logs for full command output.
Collecting setuptools-rust>=0.11.4
  Using cached setuptools-rust-0.12.1.tar.gz (282 kB)
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: still running...
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
  Getting requirements to build wheel: started
  Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
  Installing backend dependencies: started
  Installing backend dependencies: finished with status 'done'
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
Collecting semantic-version>=2.6.0
  Using cached semantic_version-2.8.5.tar.gz (50 kB)
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): started
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): finished with status 'done'
Collecting toml>=0.9.0
  Using cached toml-0.10.2.tar.gz (22 kB)
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): started
  Preparing metadata (setup.py): finished with status 'done'
Skipping wheel build for wheel, due to binaries being disabled for it.
Skipping wheel build for cffi, due to binaries being disabled for it.
Skipping wheel build for semantic-version, due to binaries being disabled for it.
Skipping wheel build for toml, due to binaries being disabled for it.
Skipping wheel build for pycparser, due to binaries being disabled for it.
Building wheels for collected packages: setuptools-rust, setuptools
  Building wheel for setuptools-rust (pyproject.toml): started
  Building wheel for setuptools-rust (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
  Created wheel for setuptools-rust: filename=setuptools_rust-0.12.1-py3-none-any.whl size=22068 sha256=592ee8d73230f07f4d3a4dcdcac471d9774d5fdf6cb510dfd4e1c5c85defe013
  Stored in directory: /home/pi/.cache/pip/wheels/0d/74/4c/815dea1b32e070a03f3bdebc2ac66dec872e2f4f98873de7f1
  Building wheel for setuptools (pyproject.toml): started
  Building wheel for setuptools (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
  Created wheel for setuptools: filename=setuptools-59.3.0-py3-none-any.whl size=952222 sha256=71c50c4701d693604255b3207d628d6be5b2a1c11735779cc532b8b4fad526b0
  Stored in directory: /home/pi/.cache/pip/wheels/b3/8b/0d/a37778f8f97ff4a4f7d1464a2f71fe824647a93b6407036e4f
Successfully built setuptools-rust setuptools
Installing collected packages: toml, setuptools, semantic-version, pycparser, wheel, setuptools-rust, cffi
    Running setup.py install for toml: started
    Running setup.py install for toml: finished with status 'done'
    Running setup.py install for semantic-version: started
    Running setup.py install for semantic-version: finished with status 'done'
    Running setup.py install for pycparser: started
    Running setup.py install for pycparser: finished with status 'done'
    Running setup.py install for wheel: started
    Running setup.py install for wheel: finished with status 'done'
    Running setup.py install for cffi: started
    Running setup.py install for cffi: finished with status 'error'
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /home/pi/.platformio/penv/bin/python -u -c 'import io, os, sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-d0sgr43l/cffi_1f03051e252344d59bd5ebdf4f5e0f48/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-d0sgr43l/cffi_1f03051e252344d59bd5ebdf4f5e0f48/setup.py'"'"';f = getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__) if os.path.exists(__file__) else io.StringIO('"'"'from setuptools import setup; setup()'"'"');code = f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-hy0iyr4f/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-z_7hwbt9/overlay --compile --install-headers /tmp/pip-build-env-z_7hwbt9/overlay/include/site/python3.9/cffi
         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-d0sgr43l/cffi_1f03051e252344d59bd5ebdf4f5e0f48/
    Complete output (58 lines):
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    running install
    /home/pi/.platformio/penv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py:34: SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning: setup.py install is deprecated. Use build and pip and other standards-based tools.
      warnings.warn(
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9
    creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cffi
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-armv7l-3.9
    creating build/temp.linux-armv7l-3.9/c
    arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -ffile-prefix-map=/python3.9-3.9.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -g -ffile-prefix-map=/python3.9-3.9.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -DHAVE_SYNC_SYNCHRONIZE -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/home/pi/.platformio/penv/include -I/usr/include/python3.9 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-armv7l-3.9/c/_cffi_backend.o
    c/_cffi_backend.c:15:10: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
       15 | #include <ffi.h>
          |          ^~~~~~~
    compilation terminated.
    error: command '/usr/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc' failed with exit code 1
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /home/pi/.platformio/penv/bin/python -u -c 'import io, os, sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-d0sgr43l/cffi_1f03051e252344d59bd5ebdf4f5e0f48/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-d0sgr43l/cffi_1f03051e252344d59bd5ebdf4f5e0f48/setup.py'"'"';f = getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__) if os.path.exists(__file__) else io.StringIO('"'"'from setuptools import setup; setup()'"'"');code = f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-hy0iyr4f/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-z_7hwbt9/overlay --compile --install-headers /tmp/pip-build-env-z_7hwbt9/overlay/include/site/python3.9/cffi Check the logs for full command output.
----------------------------------------

Solution:

Install libffi-dev in order for the dependencies to install properly:

sudo apt -y install libffi-dev

Источник

yedijas

Posts: 4
Joined: 2012/07/11 09:53:05
Location: Indonesia
Contact:

[SOLVED] ffi.h: No such file or directory

This is my first post in here and this is also my first experience in Linux.

I was trying to compile my company’s software in a VM. Our purpose is to detect its dependency so that can be packaged in RPM well. But when I tried to install, it said that

[code]ffi.h: No such file or directory[/code]

while long before compiling, I have installed libffi-devel(3.0.5-3.2.el6) via yum and also include the library (-lffi). I also have run yum update to make sure it is updated and it is still show that error message.

please, help me with this problem

thank you

User avatar

TrevorH

Site Admin
Posts: 32529
Joined: 2009/09/24 10:40:56
Location: Brighton, UK

Re: ffi.h: No such file or directory

Post

by TrevorH » 2012/07/11 10:12:38

yum provides */ffi.h says that libffi-devel is the correct package for ffi.h but its path is not standard so you need to make sure that your include path has /usr/lib64/libffi-3.0.5/include in it.

yedijas

Posts: 4
Joined: 2012/07/11 09:53:05
Location: Indonesia
Contact:

Re: ffi.h: No such file or directory

Post

by yedijas » 2012/07/11 10:17:19

thank you for the quick reply :-)

I tried to locate the ffi.h and it is in the right path as you mentioned before

but still it is not found :-(

the result of my locate ffi.h is
[code]/usr/lib64/libffi-3.0.5/include/ffi.h[/code]

EDIT:

I added a line in the MAKEFILE (as fact I am not allowed to do this because that MAKEFILE is already made to be able to compile cross platform)

[code]-I/usr/lib64/libffi-3.0.5/include/[/code]

The compilation continues, but in every compilation it includes /usr/lib64/libffi-3.0.5/include/ dir because I add that line.
Is there any solution rather than changing the MAKEFILE?

User avatar

AlanBartlett

Forum Moderator
Posts: 9345
Joined: 2007/10/22 11:30:09
Location: ~/Earth/UK/England/Suffolk
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[SOLVED] ffi.h: No such file or directory

Post

by AlanBartlett » 2012/07/11 21:34:55

One way around that problem might be to make a symbolic link from the physical ffi.h file to the location where your Makefile expects to find it.

[code]
cd /the/directory/in/which/your/Makefile/expects/the/file/to/be/located
[b]ln -s /usr/lib64/libffi-3.0.5/include/ffi.h[/b]
[/code]
If you use this technique, it would be sensible to document the modification so that anyone who maintains the system, in the future, will know exactly what you have done. :-)

yedijas

Posts: 4
Joined: 2012/07/11 09:53:05
Location: Indonesia
Contact:

Re: ffi.h: No such file or directory

Post

by yedijas » 2012/07/12 01:38:16

It works really well now. thank you for your solution.

anyway, why did the ffi.h cannot be found although there is already a -lffi that (i think) refers to libffi.so? :-?

User avatar

AlanBartlett

Forum Moderator
Posts: 9345
Joined: 2007/10/22 11:30:09
Location: ~/Earth/UK/England/Suffolk
Contact:

Re: [SOLVED] ffi.h: No such file or directory

Post

by AlanBartlett » 2012/07/12 04:16:51

Thank you for reporting back. Without looking at the code that you are attempting to compile, I can only assume that the library (libffi.so) is not sufficient on its own and the header (ffi.h) is a mandatory requirement.

On your behalf and for posterity, this thread is now marked [SOLVED].

Источник

Issue

I got the following error while building a docker image by «docker-compose build».

ERROR: Couldn't connect to Docker daemon at http://127.0.0.1:2375 - is it running?

If it's at a non-standard location, specify the URL with the DOCKER_HOST environment variable.

Even if I try with «sudo», I got this:

Building web
Step 1/8 : FROM python:3.8.3-alpine
 ---> 8ecf5a48c789
Step 2/8 : WORKDIR /usr/src/app
 ---> Using cache
 ---> 87bb0088a0ba
Step 3/8 : ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE 1
 ---> Using cache
 ---> 4f1a6ddf9e1f
Step 4/8 : ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED 1
 ---> Using cache
 ---> 5d22b6b7a0f5
Step 5/8 : RUN pip install --upgrade pip
 ---> Using cache
 ---> 169ee831f728
Step 6/8 : COPY ./requirements.txt .
 ---> Using cache
 ---> 4b4351e31632
Step 7/8 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
 ---> Running in a4dae2fe3761
Collecting asgiref==3.2.10
  Downloading asgiref-3.2.10-py3-none-any.whl (19 kB)
Collecting cffi==1.14.3
  Downloading cffi-1.14.3.tar.gz (470 kB)
Collecting cryptography==3.2.1
  Downloading cryptography-3.2.1.tar.gz (540 kB)
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'error'
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /usr/local/bin/python /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-p3ocmpkd/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :none: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple -- 'setuptools>=40.6.0' wheel 'cffi>=1.8,!=1.11.3; platform_python_implementation != '"'"'PyPy'"'"''
       cwd: None
  Complete output (128 lines):
  Collecting setuptools>=40.6.0
    Downloading setuptools-50.3.2-py3-none-any.whl (785 kB)
  Collecting wheel
    Downloading wheel-0.35.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (33 kB)
  Collecting cffi!=1.11.3,>=1.8
    Using cached cffi-1.14.3.tar.gz (470 kB)
  Collecting pycparser
    Downloading pycparser-2.20-py2.py3-none-any.whl (112 kB)
  Building wheels for collected packages: cffi
    Building wheel for cffi (setup.py): started
    Building wheel for cffi (setup.py): finished with status 'error'
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /usr/local/bin/python -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-99ngzpxw
         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/
    Complete output (50 lines):
    unable to execute 'gcc': No such file or directory
    unable to execute 'gcc': No such file or directory
  
        No working compiler found, or bogus compiler options passed to
        the compiler from Python's standard "distutils" module.  See
        the error messages above.  Likely, the problem is not related
        to CFFI but generic to the setup.py of any Python package that
        tries to compile C code.  (Hints: on OS/X 10.8, for errors about
        -mno-fused-madd see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22313407/
        Otherwise, see https://wiki.python.org/moin/CompLangPython or
        the IRC channel #python on irc.freenode.net.)
  
        Trying to continue anyway.  If you are trying to install CFFI from
        a build done in a different context, you can ignore this warning.
  
    running bdist_wheel
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    warning: build_py: byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.
  
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c
    gcc -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -DTHREAD_STACK_SIZE=0x100000 -fPIC -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/local/include/python3.8 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c/_cffi_backend.o
    unable to execute 'gcc': No such file or directory
    error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1
    ----------------------------------------
    ERROR: Failed building wheel for cffi
    Running setup.py clean for cffi
  Failed to build cffi
  Installing collected packages: setuptools, wheel, pycparser, cffi
      Running setup.py install for cffi: started
      Running setup.py install for cffi: finished with status 'error'
      ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
       command: /usr/local/bin/python -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-pah2aui6/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-p3ocmpkd/overlay --compile --install-headers /tmp/pip-build-env-p3ocmpkd/overlay/include/python3.8/cffi
           cwd: /tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/
      Complete output (50 lines):
      unable to execute 'gcc': No such file or directory
      unable to execute 'gcc': No such file or directory
  
          No working compiler found, or bogus compiler options passed to
          the compiler from Python's standard "distutils" module.  See
          the error messages above.  Likely, the problem is not related
          to CFFI but generic to the setup.py of any Python package that
          tries to compile C code.  (Hints: on OS/X 10.8, for errors about
          -mno-fused-madd see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/22313407/
          Otherwise, see https://wiki.python.org/moin/CompLangPython or
          the IRC channel #python on irc.freenode.net.)
  
          Trying to continue anyway.  If you are trying to install CFFI from
          a build done in a different context, you can ignore this warning.
  
      running install
      running build
      running build_py
      creating build
      creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8
      creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      warning: build_py: byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.
  
      running build_ext
      building '_cffi_backend' extension
      creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8
      creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c
      gcc -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -DTHREAD_STACK_SIZE=0x100000 -fPIC -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/local/include/python3.8 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c/_cffi_backend.o
      unable to execute 'gcc': No such file or directory
      error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1
      ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /usr/local/bin/python -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-_eoslhz1/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-pah2aui6/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-p3ocmpkd/overlay --compile --install-headers /tmp/pip-build-env-p3ocmpkd/overlay/include/python3.8/cffi Check the logs for full command output.
  ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /usr/local/bin/python /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-p3ocmpkd/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :none: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple -- 'setuptools>=40.6.0' wheel 'cffi>=1.8,!=1.11.3; platform_python_implementation != '"'"'PyPy'"'"'' Check the logs for full command output.
ERROR: Service 'web' failed to build: The command '/bin/sh -c pip install -r requirements.txt' returned a non-zero code: 1

That is my Dockerfile:

# pull official base image
FROM python:3.8.3-alpine

# set work directory
WORKDIR /usr/src/app

# set environment variables
ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE 1
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED 1

# install dependencies
RUN pip install --upgrade pip
COPY ./requirements.txt .
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt

# copy project
COPY . .

and docker-compose.yml:

version: '3.7'

services:
  web:
    build: .
    command: python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000
    volumes:
      - ./:/usr/src/app/
    ports:
      - 8000:8000
    env_file:
      - ./.env.dev

I will add that I bought my laptop a few months ago, and already had problems with Docker on my previous system on this device (that’s one of the reasons I changed my system). I switched from Fedora to Ubuntu.

Additionally, there is no «python» alias for python3 in my shell, and because of the unknown reason I need to put «python3 -m» before simple «pip freeze».

I hope that information may be useful.
Thank You.

.
.
.

After adding a «RUN apk add builder-base» in my Dockerfile, following error appears:

Step 8/9 : RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
 ---> Running in cd9c74fbd831
Collecting asgiref==3.2.10
  Downloading asgiref-3.2.10-py3-none-any.whl (19 kB)
Collecting cffi==1.14.3
  Downloading cffi-1.14.3.tar.gz (470 kB)
Collecting cryptography==3.2.1
  Downloading cryptography-3.2.1.tar.gz (540 kB)
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'error'
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /usr/local/bin/python /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-gbfaltlj/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :none: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple -- 'setuptools>=40.6.0' wheel 'cffi>=1.8,!=1.11.3; platform_python_implementation != '"'"'PyPy'"'"''
       cwd: None
  Complete output (104 lines):
  Collecting setuptools>=40.6.0
    Downloading setuptools-50.3.2-py3-none-any.whl (785 kB)
  Collecting wheel
    Downloading wheel-0.35.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (33 kB)
  Collecting cffi!=1.11.3,>=1.8
    Using cached cffi-1.14.3.tar.gz (470 kB)
  Collecting pycparser
    Downloading pycparser-2.20-py2.py3-none-any.whl (112 kB)
  Building wheels for collected packages: cffi
    Building wheel for cffi (setup.py): started
    Building wheel for cffi (setup.py): finished with status 'error'
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /usr/local/bin/python -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-9jsg5veu
         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/
    Complete output (38 lines):
    running bdist_wheel
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
    warning: build_py: byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.
  
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c
    gcc -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -DTHREAD_STACK_SIZE=0x100000 -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -DHAVE_SYNC_SYNCHRONIZE -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/local/include/python3.8 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c/_cffi_backend.o
    c/_cffi_backend.c:15:10: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
       15 | #include <ffi.h>
          |          ^~~~~~~
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1
    ----------------------------------------
    ERROR: Failed building wheel for cffi
    Running setup.py clean for cffi
  Failed to build cffi
  Installing collected packages: setuptools, wheel, pycparser, cffi
      Running setup.py install for cffi: started
      Running setup.py install for cffi: finished with status 'error'
      ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
       command: /usr/local/bin/python -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-s86a1yn7/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-gbfaltlj/overlay --compile --install-headers /tmp/pip-build-env-gbfaltlj/overlay/include/python3.8/cffi
           cwd: /tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/
      Complete output (38 lines):
      running install
      running build
      running build_py
      creating build
      creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8
      creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.8/cffi
      warning: build_py: byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.
  
      running build_ext
      building '_cffi_backend' extension
      creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8
      creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c
      gcc -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -DTHREAD_STACK_SIZE=0x100000 -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -DHAVE_SYNC_SYNCHRONIZE -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/local/include/python3.8 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.8/c/_cffi_backend.o
      c/_cffi_backend.c:15:10: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
         15 | #include <ffi.h>
            |          ^~~~~~~
      compilation terminated.
      error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1
      ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /usr/local/bin/python -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-myhajkmm/cffi/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'rn'"'"', '"'"'n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-s86a1yn7/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-gbfaltlj/overlay --compile --install-headers /tmp/pip-build-env-gbfaltlj/overlay/include/python3.8/cffi Check the logs for full command output.
  ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /usr/local/bin/python /usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip install --ignore-installed --no-user --prefix /tmp/pip-build-env-gbfaltlj/overlay --no-warn-script-location --no-binary :none: --only-binary :none: -i https://pypi.org/simple -- 'setuptools>=40.6.0' wheel 'cffi>=1.8,!=1.11.3; platform_python_implementation != '"'"'PyPy'"'"'' Check the logs for full command output.
ERROR: Service 'web' failed to build: The command '/bin/sh -c pip install -r requirements.txt' returned a non-zero code: 1

Solution

Alpine Linux does not support the binary wheels Python packages ship under the manylinux tag, so you have to compile things like cffi and cryptography yourself. To do so you’ll need a compiler and the correct set of headers. This is documented in the cryptography installation documentation for Alpine.

Update September 2021: There is now a musllinux standard which allows binary wheels that work with Alpine. To use them you must have pip 21.2.4 or greater.

Answered By — Paul Kehrer

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