Fatal error python h file not found

[toc]

Problem Statement: How to fix “fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory“?

What is a “fatal” error?

A fatal error causes a program to end with practically no warning without even saving its state. It usually occurs when an application attempts to access a piece of invalid information or data. The program closes down as it shows illegal action, and it returns the user to the operating system. When the fatal error occurs, the user can lose any unsaved changes made in the program. 

fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory

When does the error occur?

Generally, you face this error when you try to generate the output file while building a shared library using a C extension file. In other words, you encounter this error while trying to build a shared library using the file extension of another language( e.g. C ).

Example: Suppose you use the command below.

gcc -Wall utilsmodule.c -o Utilc

When you execute the above command, you will get the following error message:

utilsmodule.c:1: 20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory compilation terminated.

Now that you know the reasons behind the occurrence of the error let’s look at the ways to fix it.

#Fix 1: Using Package Managers According to Your Operating System

Most probably, when you face this error, it’s because you have not installed the static libraries and the header files properly. Hence to solve the error, you need to use the package manager to install them on the PC.

Use the following commands according to the OS installed on your system. 

Caution: The above command only works if you are using either Python 2 or Python 3 version.

The commands for Python 3.6, 3.8, and 3.9 versions are as follows:

sudo apt install libpython3.6 -devsudo apt install libpython3.8 -devsudo apt install libpython3.9- dev

#Fix 2: Ensure that the Python Dev Files Come with Your OS

You can solve this error by checking that the Python dev files come with your operating system. To avoid the fatal error, you should not hard code the library and include paths. However, you can use the pkg-config that will output the correct options for the specific system:

$ pkg-config -- cflags --libs python2-I/usr/include/python2.7 -lpython2.7

Also, add the following to the gcc line:

gcc $(pkg-config --cflags --libs python2) -Wall utilsmodule.c -o Utilc

#Fix 3: By Changing the Header’s Directory

Sometimes you can solve the “fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory” by simply making changes to the header files. These files are typically installed with Python. 

Locating the header files

On Unix os the header files are located in the directories prefix/include/pythonversion/ and exec_prefix/ include/pythonversion/. Here the prefixes are defined using the parameters to the configure script in Python, and the version is '%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]. On Windows, the files are installed in prefix/include, where prefix is the installation directory that is specified to the installer.

To find the header file itself, you can use Python 3 configuration:

$ python3-config --include-I/Users/<username>/.pyenv/versions/3.8.2/include/python3.8

Generally, the Python development headers are located in the directory shown.

To avoid the error, you must include the headers by placing both the directories on your compiler’s search path for includes. So instead of using the following header directory, which results in a fatal error:

#include "Python.h"

Just change the header directory. You can even change it with the following:

#include <python2.7/ Python.h>

Using venv

If you are using a virtual environment tool such as venv, then most probably, the Python development headers will already be included in compilation and the linking by default. If it’s not, then you will get an error message:

fatal error: 'Python.h ' file not found
#include <Python.h>

If this happens, you must ask the setup.py to search for the header files by setting the CFLAGS. You can now locate the header files and use them with Python setup.py bdist_wheel.

$ CFLAGS = "$(python 3- config -- include)" python setup.py bdist_wheel
$ CFLAGS = '-I/path/to/include' python setup.py bdist_wheel

Conclusion

In this article, we learned how to solve the fatal error:Python.h: No such file or directory.  I hope this discussion helped you to solve your problem. Please stay tuned and subscribe for more interesting solutions and discussions in the future. Happy learning!

Finxter Computer Science Academy

• One of the most sought-after skills on Fiverr and Upwork is web scraping. Make no mistake: extracting data programmatically from websites is a critical life skill in today’s world that’s shaped by the web and remote work.
• So, do you want to master the art of web scraping using Python’s BeautifulSoup?
• If the answer is yes – this course will take you from beginner to expert in Web Scraping.

1. Causes of 'Python.h': No such file or directory Error in C++
2. Python Installation That Allows Embedding Its Code in C++
3. Steps to Add Python Path to IDE’s Include and Linker
4. Add Python Path to Include and Linker
5. Write Python Codes in C++ and Compile Them
6. Conclusion

This article will explain how to solve the error 'Python.h': No such file or directory. This usually happens when we try to embed Python code in C++, but the compiler cannot find a reference to Python inside the system.

Causes of 'Python.h': No such file or directory Error in C++

Below is a C++ program that uses Python codes.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <Python.h>

int main()
{
	PyObject* pInt;

	Py_Initialize();

	PyRun_SimpleString("print('Hello World from Embedded Python!!!')");

	Py_Finalize();

	printf("nPress any key to exit...n");
	if (!_getch()) _getch();
	return 0;
}

When this program is compiled, it gives the error 'Python.h': No such file or directory.

Build started...
1>------ Build started: Project: Python into Cpp, Configuration: Debug x64 ------
1>1.cpp
1>C:UsersWin 10sourcereposPython into Cpp1.cpp(3,10): fatal error C1083: Cannot open include file: 'Python.h': No such file or directory
1>Done building project "Python into Cpp.vcxproj" -- FAILED.
========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

Various reasons cause the 'Python.h': No such file or directory issue.

1. Python is not installed inside the system.

   Python is third-party enterprise software that does not come with standard Windows and C++ compilers installation. It must be installed with correct settings and linked to the C++ compiler.

2. C++ compiler cannot find Python.

   If the compiler is run through an IDE or mingw4, it can only detect that standard C++ includes packages that come with a standard installation.

   Third-party libraries are needed to be added to the IDE include and linker files.

   Three steps need to be executed to solve the above issues.

   1. Custom installing Python that allows it to be embedded in IDEs.
   2. Adding Python path to IDE include and linker paths.
   3. Writing Python codes inside C++ codes and compiling them.

Python Installation That Allows Embedding Its Code in C++

If there is no Python inside the system, or if it is installed and linked but still the error 'Python.h': No such file or directory occurs, it’s because the Python installation did not download the debug binaries with it.

It is recommended that Python be uninstalled and then reinstalled correctly to solve the error 'Python.h': No such file or directory.

Head to the Python website and download the latest Python version. If a certain version is required, head to the All Releases download section.

This article demonstrates the steps in Windows OS, so the suitable option is to go with the Windows installer(64bit or 32bit). It is recommended to use the 64-bit version if a modern PC is used.

After the download is complete, run the installer, and choose Customize Installation. The Install now option will install Python with default settings but leave the debug binaries out that allows embedding it into IDEs.

Tick the box that asks to Add Python X.X(version) to PATH and then click on Customize Installation.

On the next page, mark all the boxes and then click next.

In the third menu, tick the box Download debug binaries and click on Install. Python will be installed inside the selected directory.

Steps to Add Python Path to IDE’s Include and Linker

Any third-party library that does not come with C++ in its standard installation must be referenced to the IDE. IDEs cannot automatically search and detect third-party libraries inside the system.

This is the reason that causes the error 'Python.h': No such file or directory.

Though IDE can search for files when the package library is stored in the same directory where the C++ script is located, its path should be mentioned inside the program’s #include<> header.

But storing dependencies this way is a bad practice.

What needs to be done is that the path of the library should be linked to the IDE so that it can be included the way standard header files are included, removing the need to provide a file path with the source code.

Any third-party library that does not come with C++ in its standard installation must be referenced to the IDE. IDEs cannot automatically search and detect third-party libraries inside the system.

This is the reason that causes the error 'Python.h': No such file or directory.

At first, an IDE is needed. It is recommended to go with Visual Studio (2017 or later), and this article will cover the same.

Any other IDE can also be used, the steps are identical in most of them, but Visual Studio makes it simple.

Install Visual Studio in the System

The installer of Visual Studio can be downloaded from here. After downloading the 64-bit Community version, install the software, including the C++ development option.

After installation is completed, create a new project.

The window can look intimidating for readers who have never used Visual Studio before, but there’s no need to worry. Most of the features that will be needed are in front, and this article will guide the rest.

Create a project, and give it a name like ‘Python in cpp’. After the project is created, the main window would look something like this:

If there is just a black screen, press Ctrl+Alt+l, and the solution explorer will open. The solution explorer shows all the files and dependencies available for the project.

Add Python Path to Include and Linker

In this step, the Python path will be included and linked to Visual Studio so that the IDE knows where to look when #include <python.h> is written.

A prerequisite for this step is to know the directory where Python is installed and keep it open in another window. Now head down to Debug > Project Name > Properties (Instead of Project name, it will display the project’s name).

Inside the project properties window, go to C/C++ > General > Additional Include Directories, click on the tiny drop button on the extreme right, and then click on <Edit...>.

The Additional Include Directories dialog box will open. Here, double-click on the first blank space and paste the path of the include folder from the directory where Python is installed inside the system, then click OK.

After the path of include directory is added, head down to Linker > General > Additional Library Directories. Like the previous step, click on <Edit...>.

Now, the libs folder should be added to the linker. This folder is also found inside the Python directory, where the include folder is located.

After it is added, click on OK and then click on Apply.

Write Python Codes in C++ and Compile Them

Once the include and linker paths are added, a sample program must be compiled to check whether the above steps have been executed correctly, and the 'Python.h': No such file or directory error is not encountered again.

Go to the solution explorer and right-click on source files. Click on add > new item, give the file a name and click add.

This new file will contain the code that will be compiled.

Below is the C++ program used at the start of the article that threw errors.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <Python.h>

int main()
{
	PyObject* pInt;

	Py_Initialize();

	PyRun_SimpleString("print('Hello World from Embedded Python!!!')");

	Py_Finalize();

	printf("nPress any key to exit...n");
	if (!_getch()) _getch();
	return 0;
}

Now, when the file is compiled by clicking on the green play button on the top, we get the output:

Hello World from Embedded Python!!!

Press any key to exit...

Conclusion

This article explains the steps to solve the error 'Python.h': No such file or directory. After reading this article, the reader can install Python and Visual Studio and link them to the Python library.